गुयाना खतरनाक आत्महत्या का देश // Guyana a country of Indians / South America/ neighbour Venezuela/ Bihari Indians 36%

36% population of Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana is from Bihar. Britishers took 1.8 lakh people from Bihar in 1861.

Maintain safe distance from Electric Supply Lines

While selecting plots it is advised that to avoid those plots which are very near to the electric supply lines, like high voltage lines passing over the plot or lines passing through the boundaries of the plot. But if still you don’t have any option to avoid and you have to construct your home, then in such conditions you should consider the guidelines laid down by Indian Electricity Rules which is amended time to time.

As per current Indian Electricity Rules, any structure should be constructed keeping a safe distance from the nearby passing electric supply lines. If the structure is having extended parts like Verandah, Balcony etc. then the safe distance should be measured from it. The details of the safe distance to be maintained are furnished below.

Sl. No.	Type of Electric Supply Line	Vertical Distance	Horizontal Distance
1)	Low and medium voltage lines and service lines	2.5m	1.2m
2)	High voltage lines up to and including 11 000 V	3.7m	1.2m
3)	High voltage lines above 11 000 V and up to and including 33 000 V	3.7m	2.0m
4)	Extra high voltage line beyond 33 000 V	3.7m (plus 0.3 m for every additional 33 000 V or part thereof)	2.0m (plus 0.3 m for every additional 33 000 V or part thereof)

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Buying Tips for Electric Wires

Buying Tips for Electric Wires

Electric wires are used for wiring purpose. Therefore it is very much important to select good electric wires so as to make your home safe and electrically shock proof. 

In market there are plenty of wires available, but choosing a right wire is bit difficult. To make it easy, we have listed out some of the properties which one should consider while making a purchase.

Material: Electric wires are made of both Copper and Aluminium. But for wiring of home, one should always choose copper wires only. Also wires having multiple strands should be chose instead of single strand wires. But above all, the electric wire should have ISI mark, because it is a mark of quality. Wires can be ISI 694 (Part I) marked or IS 694 (Part II) marked. Buy IS 694 Part I marked wires. Next, the electrolytic grade. Choose copper wires of electrolytic grade 99.97%.

Wire insulation: A good electric wire should be three layered. Among the three layers, the first layer is water resistant, second is heat and high temperature resistant and third layer is fire retardant. Heat and fire resistant wires carry a mark HRFR. Check the highest temperature that the insulation can withstand without melting. It should be + 100^o C.

Size of wire: Commonly used sizes of wires are 1 sq mm, 1.5 sq mm, 2 sq. mm, 2.5 sq mm and 4 sq mm. Choose 4 to 6 sq mm size for AC points, 1.5 sq mm size for light points and 5 ampere three pin sockets and 2.5 sq mm size for power sockets. For split AC wiring, choose 6 sq mm size wires.

Colour of wire insulation: Choose red, yellow and blue colour insulation for the three phases, black colour for neutral and green for earth wire. However, every country has different colour code for electric wires. For example, in USA, live three phase wires are in black, red and blue and neutral is in gray or white. Only earth wire is green like in India.

Length of wire: Check the length of the coil printed on the pack, as normally contractors quote their rates, per coil and not per metre length of wire. Generally, length of wire in each coil is printed to be 90 metres.

The above information will certainly help you to choose correct electric wires that will make your home electrically safe.

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Things to be taken care during Electrical wiring

Electrical mistakes are common in each and every house that may be dangerous for residents. When you are designing your dream home you must be aware about the electrical mistakes and its effects. Because when you start living in the home and experience the electric faults it may be panic for you. So make sure you do the following to ensure good electric works.

1. Always hire a professional or good electrician for all electric works including wiring of your home.
2. All electric works and installations should comply with latest Indian Electricity Acts and Rules in all respects. (Read more about Home wiring rules as per ISI specifications)
3. All materials to be used in electrical fittings should be of approved and from a reputed manufacturer as per ISI specifications. Never use low quality materials as it may cause fatal accidents.
4. Make sure that electrician has calculated total load from various items that would be used in the house. (Read more about How to calculate consumption of electrical appliances?)
5. A lot of times it is seen that electricians are careless while using right load bearing wires for wiring purpose and these wires get burnt when entire load is put on wires. Therefore, make sure that the wires being used for wiring are capable of taking total load.
6. Wires should be at least 30 mm far away from the electric box or wooden frame so that the wires are not cut or punched at the time of nailing. Wires should be installed carefully otherwise it may cause electric shock or short circuiting.
7. It is important to install standard length wire in the junction box. Generally 150 mm long wire in box is enough to make proper connection. Also too much wire should not be left in junction box that may damage the wire.
8. Use separate holes for different electric lines. It will help you to avoid electric shocks. If it is not possible to have different hole for all electric lines then pass minimum wires from the hole. Too much wire passing from a hole may cause friction burns at the time of pulling of wire.
9. Always use MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) as it provides protection against over loads and short circuits and save wires, cables and equipments.
10. Provide proper earthing to the wiring as it saves human life from danger of electric shock or death. (Read more about Earthing in home

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MCB and its advantages

In earlier days, to protect an electric circuit from overload or short circuit, Fuse was commonly used. But nowadays it has been replaced by MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker).

 MCB is an electromechanical device which protects an electrical circuit from short circuit, overload or faulty design which may lead to overcurrent. A MCB is a better alternative to a Fuse as it has more advantages over the later one.

1. MCB is much more sensitive to overcurrent than Fuse. As the name suggests, it automatically breaks the electrical circuit during overload condition as well as faulty condition.
2. Another advantage is that for breaking the electrical circuit it just trips and the switch operating knob comes at its OFF position. Due to this the faulty zone of the electrical circuit can easily be identified. But in case of fuse, fuse wire should always be checked by opening fuse grip or cutout from fuse base, for confirming the blow of fuse wire.
3. In case of Fuse, quick restoration of electric supply can not be possible as because Fuse has to be rewired or replaced for restoring the electric supply. But in the case of MCB, quick restoration is possible by just switching the operating knob to its ON position.
4. Handling MCB is electrically more safe than Fuse.

Because of so many advantages, MCB thus offers improved operational safety and greater convenience without incurring large operating cost. Therefore it is advised to use MCB instead of backdated Fuse.

Earthing:

Earthing:

Earthing means to connect electrical system to earth or soil in such a manner as it ensures an immediate discharge of electrical energy without any danger. It is the most essential part of electric work which must be provided to protect from any mishap. It saves human life from sudden electric shock. When proper earthing is done in building, it saves building of thunder effects i.e. from fall of natural cloud lighting.

Purpose of earthing:

1. To save human life from danger of electric shock or death.
2. To protect building, machinery and appliances under fault condition.
3. To ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not reach a dangerous potential.
4. To provide safe path to dissipate lighting and short circuit currents.
5. To maintain the line voltage constant to prevent over current or excessive voltage on the appliances or equipments.

In general earthing is not provided in building at the time of electrical fittings either due to ignorance/carelessness or to save expense on earthing.

How to do earthing:

The following is the method of implementation of earthing:

1. The size of the earth pit should normally be 1500 mm X 1500 mm X 3000 mm.
2. Low earth resistance is required to give effective earthing protection to electrical fittings.
3. Dry earth has more resistance whereas moist earth has less resistance.
4. The location of earth pit should be such where the soil has reasonable chances of having moisture. If possible earth plates or pipes should be located near water tap, water drain or rain water pipe.
5. Electric earthing may be either pipe or plate earthing.
6. Normally GI pipe (2.5 inch diameter) or plate (500 mm X 500 mm X 10 mm) is used but if the soil is corrosive then copper pipe or plate should be used.
7. Use Double GI Strip size 30 mm X 10 mm to connect GI Plate to System Earthing.
8. A mixture of Wood Charcoal Powder, Salt and Sand, all in equal part, must be filled in the earth pit around earthing pipe or plate. The purpose of coal and salt is to keep wet the soil permanently.
9. The position of the earth plate or pipe when fixed should be clear from all building foundations.
10. A masonry enclosure should be made over earth pit.
11. Entrance, pavement and roads should be avoided for locating earth pit.
12. Inside building in addition to all electrical appliances, all switch boxes, meter boxes etc. should be earthed also.

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home-wiring-rules-as-per-isi-specifications

he home you have constructed should be electric shock proof. To achieve this, lots of precautions are required to be taken during wiring.  Therefore we advise to follow the best practices of the industry and follow the wiring rules laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards. Few of them are listed below for your guidance.

 1. Carry out wiring on distribution system

The wiring should be carried out on distribution systems with main and branch distribution boards to convenient centers. It is without isolated fuses. As far as possible all conductors should run along the walls and ceilings so that they are easily accessible for thorough inspection.

2. Don’t allow wiring to run above ceiling

In any case, the wiring should not run above ceiling. The circuit on opposite side of three wire systems or on different phases of three phase system is kept as far apart as possible in all cases and the minimum distance between two circuits should be 7 feet. Medium pressure wiring and all associated apparatus should comply with ISI specifications.

3. Don’t exceed the load on circuit

The number of points in light circuits should not exceed 10 or the total load on circuit should not exceed 800 watts. One circuit can be explained as one connection from electrical meter or from main fuse circuit. For power wiring circuit the number of points in a circuit should not be more than 2 and the size of wire should be 1.5 mm square for copper and 2 mm square for aluminum.

4. Fix switch boards at proper height

Switch boards should be fitted at a height of 1.5 meter. Horizontal run of wiring should be at a height of 3 meter.

5. Use earth wire of proper gauge

Earth wire should be 14 SWG in case of copper and 4 mm square in case of aluminum. Fuse wire should be connected to phase wire only and neutral link should be connected to neutral wire. Connect all switches in phase wire. Minimum size of earth wire for light circuit is 1 mm square for copper and 1.5 mm square for aluminum.

6. Make use of copper conductors

All conductors should be made of copper. They should have a cross section less than 0.0020 sq. inches, nominal area (3/0.029 inches) and every conductor should be stranded.

7. Never utilize damaged wiring or elements

Burnt element, cut/ broken wiring, loose/open connection and rusted points should never be used to avoid open circuit fault. Never make use of damaged insulation wiring to avoid short circuit fault. Damaged and loose connection should never be done in any appliance to avoid earth fault. Provide earthing to enhance voltage and protect human beings from sudden electric shock. You must fix lightening wire earth into the ground to protect building from cloud lightening.

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Power consumption of electrical appliance

While purchasing any electrical appliance, we compare specifications and price of different brands available in the market. But we forget to compare the power consumption of that appliance, which is also an important factor. Now days when we are striving to save energy, we should know that how much electricity bill will be affected by the new appliance which we are planning to buy. In this connection, we have prepared a list of some commonly used electrical appliances used in our day to day life in our houses.

The power consumption mentioned in the list for every appliance is indicative and it is advised to see the power consumption labeled on the appliance as it may vary brand to brand and specification.

Sl. No.	Appliances	Consumption in Watts	Daily hours of use	Units per month
1	Incandescent Bulb	60	8	14.4
2	Fluorescent Tube light	40	8	9.6
3	CFL Bulb	15	8	3.6
4	LED Bulb	12	8	2.88
5	LED Tube light	22	8	5.28
6	Ceiling Fan	75	20	45
7	Table Fan	25	8	6
8	Refrigerator (200 Litres)	400	24	288
9	Air Conditioner – Window (1.5 Ton – 3 Star)	1680	8	403.2
10	Air Conditioner – Split (1.5 Ton – 3 Star)	1570	8	376.8
11	Air Conditioner – Split (1.5 Ton – 5 Star)	1490	8	357.6
12	LED TV (32 inch)	55	6	9.9
13	LED TV (60 inch)	80	6	14.4
14	Semi-automatic Washing Machine (6 kg)	400	2	24
15	Fully automatic Washing Machine (6 kg)	1000	2	60
16	Microwave oven	800	1	24
17	Vaccum Cleaner	500	1	15
18	Toaster	750	0.5	11.25
19	Electric Iron	750	1	22.5
20	Water Heater (25 liters)	2000	0.5	30
21	Room Heater	1000	2	60
22	Water Pump (1/2 HP)	600	0.5	9
23	Blender	200	0.5	3

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